01 / Interactive atlas
Country, development, source. Legal traditions are not the developments themselves; they form a secondary layer for moving between countries and jurisdictions.
All 176 Civil law 141 Common law 52 Islamic law 36 Customary / Indigenous 66 Mixed / plural 89
Select a country or jurisdiction for the comparative layer Colour shows the principal tradition for comparative navigation; it is not a classification of private international law developments. Other components of mixed systems appear in the country card.
Fiji — Common law tradition Tanzania — Mixed or plural legal system Western Sahara — Mixed or plural legal system Canada — Mixed or plural legal system United States — Mixed or plural legal system Kazakhstan — Civil law tradition Uzbekistan — Civil law tradition Papua New Guinea — Mixed or plural legal system Indonesia — Mixed or plural legal system Argentina — Civil law tradition Chile — Civil law tradition Congo - Kinshasa — Mixed or plural legal system Somalia — Mixed or plural legal system Kenya — Mixed or plural legal system Sudan — Mixed or plural legal system Chad — Mixed or plural legal system Haiti — Civil law tradition Dominican Republic — Civil law tradition Russia — Civil law tradition Bahamas — Common law tradition Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) — Common law tradition Norway — Civil law tradition Greenland — Civil law tradition French Southern Territories — Civil law tradition Timor-Leste — Mixed or plural legal system South Africa — Mixed or plural legal system Lesotho — Mixed or plural legal system Mexico — Civil law tradition Uruguay — Civil law tradition Brazil — Civil law tradition Bolivia — Civil law tradition Peru — Civil law tradition Colombia — Civil law tradition Panama — Civil law tradition Costa Rica — Civil law tradition Nicaragua — Civil law tradition Honduras — Civil law tradition El Salvador — Civil law tradition Guatemala — Civil law tradition Belize — Common law tradition Venezuela — Civil law tradition Guyana — Mixed or plural legal system Suriname — Civil law tradition France — Civil law tradition Ecuador — Civil law tradition Puerto Rico — Mixed or plural legal system Jamaica — Common law tradition Cuba — Civil law tradition Zimbabwe — Mixed or plural legal system Botswana — Mixed or plural legal system Namibia — Mixed or plural legal system Senegal — Mixed or plural legal system Mali — Mixed or plural legal system Mauritania — Mixed or plural legal system Benin — Civil law tradition Niger — Mixed or plural legal system Nigeria — Mixed or plural legal system Cameroon — Mixed or plural legal system Togo — Mixed or plural legal system Ghana — Mixed or plural legal system Côte d’Ivoire — Mixed or plural legal system Guinea — Mixed or plural legal system Guinea-Bissau — Mixed or plural legal system Liberia — Mixed or plural legal system Sierra Leone — Mixed or plural legal system Burkina Faso — Mixed or plural legal system Central African Republic — Civil law tradition Congo - Brazzaville — Mixed or plural legal system Gabon — Mixed or plural legal system Equatorial Guinea — Mixed or plural legal system Zambia — Mixed or plural legal system Malawi — Mixed or plural legal system Mozambique — Mixed or plural legal system Eswatini — Mixed or plural legal system Angola — Civil law tradition Burundi — Mixed or plural legal system Israel — Mixed or plural legal system Lebanon — Mixed or plural legal system Madagascar — Mixed or plural legal system Palestine — Mixed or plural legal system Gambia — Mixed or plural legal system Tunisia — Mixed or plural legal system Algeria — Mixed or plural legal system Jordan — Mixed or plural legal system United Arab Emirates — Mixed or plural legal system Qatar — Mixed or plural legal system Kuwait — Mixed or plural legal system Iraq — Mixed or plural legal system Oman — Mixed or plural legal system Vanuatu — Mixed or plural legal system Cambodia — Civil law tradition Thailand — Civil law tradition Laos — Civil law tradition Myanmar (Burma) — Mixed or plural legal system Vietnam — Civil law tradition North Korea — Mixed or plural legal system South Korea — Mixed or plural legal system Mongolia — Mixed or plural legal system India — Mixed or plural legal system Bangladesh — Mixed or plural legal system Bhutan — Mixed or plural legal system Nepal — Mixed or plural legal system Pakistan — Mixed or plural legal system Afghanistan — Mixed or plural legal system Tajikistan — Civil law tradition Kyrgyzstan — Civil law tradition Turkmenistan — Civil law tradition Iran — Mixed or plural legal system Syria — Mixed or plural legal system Armenia — Civil law tradition Sweden — Civil law tradition Belarus — Civil law tradition Ukraine — Civil law tradition Poland — Civil law tradition Austria — Civil law tradition Hungary — Civil law tradition Moldova — Civil law tradition Romania — Civil law tradition Lithuania — Civil law tradition Latvia — Civil law tradition Estonia — Civil law tradition Germany — Civil law tradition Bulgaria — Civil law tradition Greece — Civil law tradition Türkiye — Civil law tradition Albania — Civil law tradition Croatia — Civil law tradition Switzerland — Civil law tradition Luxembourg — Civil law tradition Belgium — Civil law tradition Netherlands — Civil law tradition Portugal — Civil law tradition Spain — Civil law tradition Ireland — Common law tradition New Caledonia — Civil law tradition Solomon Islands — Mixed or plural legal system New Zealand — Common law tradition Australia — Common law tradition Sri Lanka — Mixed or plural legal system China — Mixed or plural legal system Taiwan — Mixed or plural legal system Italy — Civil law tradition Denmark — Civil law tradition United Kingdom — Mixed or plural legal system Iceland — Civil law tradition Azerbaijan — Civil law tradition Georgia — Civil law tradition Philippines — Mixed or plural legal system Malaysia — Mixed or plural legal system Brunei — Mixed or plural legal system Slovenia — Civil law tradition Finland — Civil law tradition Slovakia — Civil law tradition Czechia — Civil law tradition Eritrea — Mixed or plural legal system Japan — Mixed or plural legal system Paraguay — Civil law tradition Yemen — Mixed or plural legal system Saudi Arabia — Islamic law tradition Northern Cyprus — Mixed or plural legal system Cyprus — Mixed or plural legal system Morocco — Mixed or plural legal system Egypt — Mixed or plural legal system Libya — Mixed or plural legal system Ethiopia — Mixed or plural legal system Djibouti — Mixed or plural legal system Somaliland — Mixed or plural legal system Uganda — Mixed or plural legal system Rwanda — Mixed or plural legal system Bosnia & Herzegovina — Civil law tradition North Macedonia — Civil law tradition Serbia — Civil law tradition Montenegro — Civil law tradition Kosovo — Civil law tradition Trinidad & Tobago — Common law tradition South Sudan — Mixed or plural legal system 04 / Source observatory
The world’s legal sources, within one field of observation. PIL.OT opens a source register for every country shown in the Atlas. DergiPark and TR Dizin form Türkiye’s mandatory scholarly layer. Elsewhere, national journal indexes, open-journal platforms and thesis repositories are registered wherever they exist; OpenAlex, OpenAIRE, DOAJ and OpenDOAR preserve global coverage where they do not.
PIL . OT FONTES / LIVE
WEEKLY PULSE · PRIMARY FIRST · SOURCE BOUND150 verified sources 35 live monitoring endpoints 76 official sources 56 direct country registers 150 sources shown VERIFIED / Jul 2026
01
PIL specialist
HCCH — News A core global institutional source for private international law.
Official EN / FR GLOBAL
Open source ↗ 02
Highest court
Court of Justice of the European Union — RSS European Union
Official EN / FR REGIONAL
Open source ↗ 03
Case-law database
European Court of Human Rights — HUDOC Country-specific judgment and decision feeds are registered for staged activation.
Official EN / FR REGIONAL
Open source ↗ 04
Official gazette
EUR-Lex — Official Journal European Union
Official MULTI REGIONAL
Open source ↗ 05
Legal source directory
European e-Justice / N-Lex Routes to the official legislation databases of EU Member States.
Official MULTI REGIONAL
Open source ↗ 06
PIL specialist
European Association of Private International Law Europe / Global PIL
Academic EN GLOBAL
Open source ↗ 07
PIL specialist
Conflict of Laws Global PIL
Academic EN GLOBAL
Open source ↗ 08
PIL specialist
GLOBALCIT Global / Nationality
Academic EN GLOBAL
Open source ↗ 09
Legal news and analysis
EU Law Analysis European Union
Academic EN REGIONAL
Open source ↗ 10
Migration and protection
EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy European Union / Migration
Academic EN REGIONAL
Open source ↗ 11
Legal news and analysis
Strasbourg Observers Council of Europe
Academic EN REGIONAL
Open source ↗ 12
Legal news and analysis
Verfassungsblog Europe / Germany
Academic DE / EN REGIONAL
Open source ↗ 13
Legal news and analysis
CanLII Blog Canada
Professional EN / FR NATIONAL
Open source ↗ 14
Legal news and analysis
UK Constitutional Law Association Blog United Kingdom
Academic EN NATIONAL
Open source ↗ 15
Legal news and analysis
Oxford Human Rights Hub Global / Human rights
Academic EN GLOBAL
Open source ↗ 16
Legal news and analysis
EJIL:Talk! Global / International law
Academic EN GLOBAL
Open source ↗ 17
Legal source directory
World Legal Information Institute Global backbone for country, final-appeal court, legislation and law-journal directories.
Aggregator MULTI GLOBAL
Open source ↗ 18
Legal source directory
Cornell LII — Law by Source: Global All countries
Academic EN GLOBAL
Open source ↗ Show all sources ↓ ORBIS / 174
Atlas country register Each country row shows its directly verified sources and scholarly networks. Countries without a national index remain covered by the global scholarly layer, WorldLII, Cornell LII, GlobaLex and regional legal-information networks.
＋ AF Afghanistan 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer AL Albania 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer DZ Algeria 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding AO Angola 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer AQ Antarctica 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer AR Argentina 5 direct · 5 academic · multi-layered AM Armenia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer AU Australia 4 direct · 1 academic · multi-layered AT Austria 1 direct · 0 academic · expanding AZ Azerbaijan 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer BS Bahamas 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer BD Bangladesh 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding BY Belarus 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer BE Belgium 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding BZ Belize 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer BJ Benin 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding BT Bhutan 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer BO Bolivia 3 direct · 3 academic · expanding BA Bosnia & Herzegovina 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer BW Botswana 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding BR Brazil 7 direct · 5 academic · multi-layered BN Brunei 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer BG Bulgaria 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer BF Burkina Faso 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding BI Burundi 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer KH Cambodia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer CM Cameroon 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding CA Canada 6 direct · 2 academic · multi-layered CF Central African Republic 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer TD Chad 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer CL Chile 4 direct · 4 academic · multi-layered CN China 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding CO Colombia 5 direct · 5 academic · multi-layered CG Congo - Brazzaville 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding CD Congo - Kinshasa 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer CR Costa Rica 5 direct · 5 academic · multi-layered CI Côte d’Ivoire 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding HR Croatia 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding CU Cuba 3 direct · 3 academic · expanding CY Cyprus 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer CZ Czechia 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding DK Denmark 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding DJ Djibouti 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer DO Dominican Republic 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding EC Ecuador 5 direct · 5 academic · multi-layered EG Egypt 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding SV El Salvador 3 direct · 3 academic · expanding GQ Equatorial Guinea 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer ER Eritrea 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding EE Estonia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer SZ Eswatini 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding ET Ethiopia 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding FK Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer FJ Fiji 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer FI Finland 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding FR France 5 direct · 3 academic · multi-layered TF French Southern Territories 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer GA Gabon 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer GM Gambia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer GE Georgia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer DE Germany 5 direct · 1 academic · multi-layered GH Ghana 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding GR Greece 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding GL Greenland 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer GT Guatemala 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding GN Guinea 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer GW Guinea-Bissau 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer GY Guyana 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer HT Haiti 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer HN Honduras 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding HU Hungary 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding IS Iceland 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding IN India 2 direct · 1 academic · expanding ID Indonesia 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding IR Iran 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding IQ Iraq 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding IE Ireland 1 direct · 0 academic · expanding IL Israel 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer IT Italy 2 direct · 1 academic · expanding JM Jamaica 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer JP Japan 3 direct · 2 academic · expanding JO Jordan 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer KZ Kazakhstan 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer KE Kenya 2 direct · 1 academic · expanding KW Kuwait 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer KG Kyrgyzstan 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer LA Laos 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer LV Latvia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer LB Lebanon 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer LS Lesotho 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding LR Liberia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer LY Libya 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding LT Lithuania 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding LU Luxembourg 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer MG Madagascar 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding MW Malawi 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding MY Malaysia 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding ML Mali 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer MR Mauritania 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer MX Mexico 6 direct · 4 academic · multi-layered MD Moldova 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer MN Mongolia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer ME Montenegro 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer MA Morocco 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding MZ Mozambique 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding MM Myanmar (Burma) 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer NA Namibia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer NP Nepal 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding NL Netherlands 1 direct · 0 academic · expanding NC New Caledonia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer NZ New Zealand 2 direct · 1 academic · expanding NI Nicaragua 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding NE Niger 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer NG Nigeria 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding KP North Korea 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer MK North Macedonia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer NO Norway 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding OM Oman 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer PK Pakistan 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding PS Palestine 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer PA Panama 3 direct · 3 academic · expanding PG Papua New Guinea 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer PY Paraguay 3 direct · 3 academic · expanding PE Peru 5 direct · 5 academic · multi-layered PH Philippines 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer PL Poland 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding PT Portugal 4 direct · 4 academic · multi-layered PR Puerto Rico 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding QA Qatar 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer RO Romania 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer RU Russia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer RW Rwanda 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding SA Saudi Arabia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer SN Senegal 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding RS Serbia 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding SL Sierra Leone 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding SK Slovakia 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding SI Slovenia 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding SB Solomon Islands 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer SO Somalia 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer ZA South Africa 3 direct · 2 academic · expanding KR South Korea 3 direct · 2 academic · expanding SS South Sudan 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding ES Spain 7 direct · 5 academic · multi-layered LK Sri Lanka 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding SD Sudan 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding SR Suriname 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer SE Sweden 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding CH Switzerland 2 direct · 1 academic · expanding SY Syria 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer TW Taiwan 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding TJ Tajikistan 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer TZ Tanzania 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding TH Thailand 2 direct · 2 academic · expanding TL Timor-Leste 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer TG Togo 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding TT Trinidad & Tobago 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer TN Tunisia 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding TR Türkiye 11 direct · 6 academic · multi-layered TM Turkmenistan 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer UG Uganda 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding UA Ukraine 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer AE United Arab Emirates 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer GB United Kingdom 5 direct · 0 academic · multi-layered US United States 3 direct · 0 academic · expanding UY Uruguay 4 direct · 4 academic · multi-layered UZ Uzbekistan 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer VU Vanuatu 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer VE Venezuela 3 direct · 3 academic · expanding VN Vietnam 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding EH Western Sahara 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer YE Yemen 0 direct · 0 academic · global layer ZM Zambia 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding ZW Zimbabwe 1 direct · 1 academic · expanding
Machine-readable endpoints are monitored live where their terms permit it. National indexes requiring sign-in, a licence or special access remain in the source register and are not scraped without authority. Registration does not mean automatic inclusion in the monthly briefing.